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Discuss the five layer internet protocol stack along with the functionalities of each layer in detail.

5-Layer Internet Protocol Stack: A Deep Dive

Physical Layer

  • Deals with the physical transmission of data over a medium.
  • Defines the electrical and mechanical specifications.
  • Examples: Cables, wireless signals, connectors.
  • Handles bit transmission.

Data Link Layer

  • Provides reliable transmission of data frames across a single link.
  • Manages error detection and correction.
  • Implements MAC addressing for local communication.
  • Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP.

Network Layer

  • Responsible for routing data packets across networks.
  • Uses IP addresses for global addressing.
  • Determines the best path for data transmission.
  • Handles fragmentation and reassembly of packets.

Transport Layer

  • Provides reliable and ordered data delivery between applications.
  • Manages segmentation and reassembly of data.
  • Establishes and manages connections (TCP) or offers connectionless service (UDP).
  • Handles flow control and error recovery.

Application Layer

  • Provides network services to applications.
  • Defines protocols for specific applications (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, FTP).
  • Handles data formatting and encoding.
  • Manages user interface and application-specific tasks.
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